anti matter

By Henryk Szubinski

locating anti matter by 3 formats

the specific heat release of a electron

the latent heat of a positive electron

the trace locations of waveformats that generate the 3 rd value missing electron by the traces of triangulated computations of the 3 rd value electron as the anti matter locator of the value of heat needed to displace 3 electrons simultaneously in a 1 positive electron boost.

Linear elasticity is the mathematical study of how solid objects deform and become internally stressed due to prescribed loading conditions. Linear elasticity relies upon the continuum hypothesis and is applicable at macroscopic (and sometimes microscopic) length scales. Linear elasticity is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and is a branch of continuum mechanics. The fundamental “linearizing” assumptions of linear elasticity are: infinitesimal strains or “small” deformations (or strains) and linear relationships between the components of stress and strain. In addition linear elasticity is only valid for stress states that do not produce yielding. These assumptions are reasonable for many engineering materials and engineering design scenarios. Linear elasticity is therefore used extensively in structural analysisand engineering design, often through the aid of finite element analysis.

PROCESSESS THAT DEFINE THE SPACETIME OF THE USAGE OF A VOLUME VECTOR INPUT

locating anti matter by the multiples of a 10 variance basis on the process of atomic mass / by the amount of waveformat front waves = to the data on dissonations of comparative levels of 10 sequenced wave format pressuristaions

3 waveforms / 10 pressure variances = the wave format in the opposed 4 th value waveform that indicates the existance of a

40 variance level on the sequenced

4 th wave form similar to the 3 rd level so that the 3×4 = 12 variance field waveform that would indicate the flow without theese values by a process of subtractions to locate the waveform that is powered by the singular minimality of its own vector resistance process which will mimick the levels of ionisations latent heat of 1 electron amidst the 10 value ionic field specific heats in their multiples as generating a action &/or reaction to which a trace to locate the source of the anti matter can be made by the

ionic 4 th R/ ionic specific heat 3 S = the latent heat of the 3 F anti matter

into the force fields of their simulated vacuume responses open to the processess of vector inputs into the quantal open values of the type references made with the mobility of processess = the data on the levels of the values and their dispersals of the process to include the values of expansions to such levels of their formats of the tensile force values.

As the formats and their tensile levels of stress surfaces and their volume surface areas as the process to motivcate the displacements of the value force in the inputs of soilid state vector angles = alterations of anti matter types and their processability of the type density of force fields. Subsequent data on the usage of the values of a tertiary volume surface area continuiim in the process of anti matter lift and the process by which the data on the responses to the values of molecular sepeperations = seperations by point specific values on the mesh fiels and their divisive response increases of the levels of simulated relationships of the sequenciality to which the lift vectors = to the process of using the same divisive dissonance of the levels of dissipated values as the process by which the opposed vectors in the displacement to oppsed levels of density on the process surface areas in their full values of envelopments against the density as the indicator of end processess in the vectorisations of the quantal values.

The process of the data interactions and the usage of a field force in which the input of specific surface area polymers can be desigtnated to the usage of the dissolvancy field of the force dissolvancy = to the process of the inputs of dissipated fields into dissipations causal fields of force so that the proccess vector lift of any value positive electron = to the data on the volume open fased usability on the vectorisations into solid state relationships of the full universe basis = to the data on the release of input materials fields = to the dissipations of subsequent input by usage of the materials concerned.

The process continues into the basis of non compromised safety levels of the involvance by density field oppositions of any materials instability.

Elastodynamics — the wave equation

Elastodynamics is the study of linear elasticity which include variation in time. The most common case considered in elastodynamics is the wave equation. This section will discuss only the isotropic homogeneous case.

If the material is homogeneous (i.e. the elasticity tensor is constant throughout the material), the three basic equations can be combined to form the elastodynamic equation:

$\mu u_{i,jj}+(\mu+\lambda)u_{j,ij}+F_i=\rho\partial_{tt}u_i \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\mathrm{or}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \mu\nabla^2\mathbf{u}+(\mu+\lambda)\nabla(\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u})+\mathbf{F}=\rho\frac{\partial^2\mathbf{u}}{\partial t^2}. \,\!$

From the elastodynamic equation one gets the wave equation

$(\delta_{kl} \partial_{tt}-A_{kl}[\nabla])\, u_l = \frac{1}{\rho} f_k\,\!$

where

$A_{kl}[\nabla]=\frac{1}{\rho} \, \partial_i \, C_{iklj} \, \partial_j\,\!$

is the acoustic differential operator, and $\delta_{kl}\,\!$ is Kronecker delta.

In isotropic media, the elasticity tensor has the form

$C_{ijkl} = K \, \delta_{ij}\, \delta_{kl} +\mu\, (\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl}+\delta_{il}\delta_{jk}-\frac{2}{3}\, \delta_{ij}\,\delta_{kl})\,\!$

where $K\,\!$ is the bulk modulus (or incompressibility), and $\mu\,\!$ is the shear modulus (or rigidity), two elastic moduli. If the material is homogeneous (i.e. the elasticity tensor is constant throughout the material), the acoustic operator becomes:

$A_{ij}[\nabla]=\alpha^2 \partial_i\partial_j+\beta^2(\partial_m\partial_m\delta_{ij}-\partial_i\partial_j)\,\!$

and the acoustic algebraic operator becomes

$A_{ij}[\mathbf{k}]=\alpha^2 k_ik_j+\beta^2(k_mk_m\delta_{ij}-k_ik_j)\,\!$

where

$\alpha^2=\left(K+\frac{4}{3}\mu\right)/\rho \qquad \beta^2=\mu/\rho\,\!$

are the eigenvalues of $A[\hat{\mathbf{k}}]\,\!$ with eigenvectors $\hat{\mathbf{u}}\,\!$ parallel and orthogonal to the propagation direction $\hat{\mathbf{k}}\,\!$ , respectively. In the seismological literature, the corresponding plane waves are called P-waves and S-waves (see Seismic wave).

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UNIVERSAL PODIUM

THE PODIUM OF UNIVERSAL PRIZES

BY HENRYK SZUBINSKI

BASIC DATA ON THE SURFACE LEVELS OF 3 FORCE USED TO LIFT THE DATA AGAINST GRAVITY

BASICS OF THE PROCESS ON THE DATA FALLEN GRAVITY VECTORS IN THE PROCESS REATEMPTIVE 5 G VALUE AND THE 6 G VALUE RESPONSE TO USE THE SAME VALUE SYSTEM ON THE LOCATABILITY OF THE PROCESS IN ITS 3RD VECTOR SET = 7TH GRAVITY VALUE IN OPPOSITIONS TO THE LEVEL 8 GRAVITY RESPONSE AS THE VALUE ON THE DIVISIVES OF THE REAL EXISTANCE OF THE FORCE FORMAT AS BEING THERE EVEN THOUGH THE DATA IS UNSEEN SUCH AS THE 8 /4 X VECTOR = GRAVITY OPPOSED 3 SET VALUES LEAVING THE SUBTRACTIONS ON THE

8TH LEVEL = 4 + /- F

= 3 SET VALUES UPTO THE 6TH VALUE

IF THE MOST IMPORTANT DATA WAS A PODIUM ON A PROJECTIVE LECTRN FOR ASTROPHYSICS , WOULD THE DATA BE THERE AS A PULPIT DESCRIPTIVE USAGE INSTRUCTION

A podium (plural podia) is a platform that is used to raise something to a short distance above its surroundings. In architecture a building can rest on a large podium. Podia can also be used to raise people, for instance the conductor of an orchestra stands on a podium as do many public speakers. Podium has also come to mean the object a speaker stands behind and sets papers or books upon^[1] even when it is at floor level, though the traditional term for that item is lectern. The terms are not identical; one typically stands on a podium, but one typically stands behind a lectern.

In sports, a type of podium is used to honor the top three competitors in events such as the Olympics. In the Olympics a three level podium is used, the highest level in the centre holds the gold medalist, to their right is a somewhat lower one for the silver medalist. To the left of the gold medalist is an even lower platform for the bronze medalist. In many sports, results in the top three of a competition are often referred to as podiums, or podium finishes. In some individual sports, “podiums” is an official statistic, referring to the number of top three results an athlete has achieved over the course of a season or career.

File:LectureTheatreUniversityOfCanberraAustralia2008.jpg

EU EINSTEIN WORK SYSTEM

EU WORKABILITY of einstein method

By Henryk Szubinski

the Einstein methos as = universe motivations and the subtractions of vectors as the EU formats in their freedooms as being applicable to the same formats of work

By the subsequent similar universe relations with the subtractions of vector values

as basic usage of the universe = 7th framework

where the subtractions = 4 freedooms

so that the possibility of the resultance = 5 th freedoom of knowledge moovement of the subtractive values = a continuiim of this law by the value = CHORDIS 6 as the linkage to the 5th freedoom by the value process of the 7th freedoom reusage of a format for knowledge in any amount of sequenced 5th freedooms.

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dark matter

By Henryk Szubinski

dark matter is the process difference between hydrogen and Helium in its fusion difference with fission as the variance process of the processess being in such large similarity that the process voulme relation of one to the other = the visability of the amount of helium and hydrogen used by the size differences of the efficiency rate by which the 2 volumes are differenciated to each other by the levels of photon values being totally used up in the process of the interactive values based on the formats of the process being as large as the sun on its limit proximal outer edge and the alternate process being as alrge as the full external limits of the sun to such degrees of proximity that the displacement difference of a Earth volume on the suns layer is the difference between identifications of the dark matter as the same values of their observed differences and the basis of the alternations = vector S as the process on the conservations of both fission and fusion being

shown here is the supergranule force in action as a wave that displaces along the suns surface

= to the data on the volumes in which the feed loop takes the radial value for helium feeding and hydrogen feeding into the levels of their loop input or fueling to such large extents of fuel being used that the rate at which the sun would burn itself out of its fuel resource = to the amount of the vector displacement values dependant on the radius as the gravity value and the radial exta bit vector as the amount of refeed or looped fuel resourceing that the sun does by the prescence of the functions of a gravity value minimal link vector between the elements as being the exact maintainements of the rate at which the process is divided to the influence of one sides fueling and the alternate hemispheres gravity collapse.

at the speed of light this type of difference is markedly responsible for the looping of its related velocities

1 / 2= 2r (c/r)

as a basic FORCE computations the dark matter problem divides into two possible sourcees as dark force and lite force:

vol 1 / vol 2 = 2 c.F

involvances with gravity are then

g1/g2 (Vol 1 /Vol 2 ) = r / 2 (S)c F

on the differencial scale, the process for force is as follows

Vol 1 (g2) / Vol 2 = g2 Dg<——

=g1 (r/2 ) /Vol 1 =F.cS DS——>

taking the common divisive then:

g1 (vol squared ) (r/2) =F.c.S

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INDUSTRIAL SPACESHIPS

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drag coefficiency force of pressure

the pressure force motivator

SPACESHIP TYPE 1 AND TYPE 1 WEB PHONE RELATIONS OF SIMILAR VOLUMES BASED ON A TYPE 1 DARK MATTER SIMILARITY TO THE PROJECTIVES OF TIME CONTINUIIMS:ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

By Henryk Szubinski

HOLGRAMMIC DEVICES FOR STORAGE OF ALL FALLEN VECTOR VALUES POSSIBLE:

DATA LOADER IN ITS HIGHEST DATA LOADING AS JUMP FUNCTIONS= TO THE PROCESS OF SIMILARITY TO EARTH IN ORBIT AROUND THE SUN

SCI FI INPUT SIZE TO EARTH VOLUME SIZE AS THE TYPE REFERENCES TO A SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF FRAMES MADE TO THE DATA VALUE AS RELATED TO EARTH SIZED DATA IN FULL VALUE STORE

AS THE ANIMATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE BASE SIMILARITY OF COGNITION AS BEING THE SIZE RELATIONAL INTERACTIONS OF THE OBSERVER:

as artificial intelligence levels of responses on the amount of interval spacetime minimal value differences..

EARTH INPUT SIZED RELATIONS OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN SIZES OF A RELATED INPUT COMPUTER

TIME AS THE DRAGGING ON FORCE

SOLID TIME

BASIC SPAESHIP LOADERS

STORE = STORAGE OF THE TRIANGULATIVE FORMATTS OF THE PROCESS DATA ON THE USAGE OF THE INTERVAL = SURFACE LAYER

nodal sphere formatts of the process of a pressure application = the transferrance of volume into the basis of the size of volume = size of sphere pressuriser / size of the type of active loading

variance

= the process of the functions of loading = stroage /input

as the data on the type volume rectanguloid as the volume of lim x = volume value as F

in which the data on the usage of a internal comparative value conservations = to a 1 value volume force to which the same processess are active within the processor =to the pressure formats of the displacer flow forcer

= to the data on store = load

and the 3 rd value

=input as the formats of the data on the resultance of a cause active in the formations of the full parameter as the type pressure environment of the force that accessess the lower level internals and escapes the captive escape velocity comparatives of the force in multiples as a sequence that defines the total resultance of the process circuit in the internals of the pressure modifications force of volume size force.

Data on the missing value of the force that defines the process boost motivators for the loss of data and the subsequent non relocative processess of the cause FORCE as being the locatability of the 1 process value = the data on the type tubularity of convexity and concavity pulseings of the volume pressure alterations.

In incompressible fluid dynamics dynamic pressure (indicated with q, or Q, and sometimes called velocity pressure or impact pressure) is the quantity defined by:^[1]

$q = \tfrac12\, \rho\, v^{2},$

where (using SI units):

$q\;$	= dynamic pressure in pascals,
$\rho\;$	= fluid density in kg/m³ (e.g. density of air),
$v\;$	= fluid velocity in m/s.

Physical meaning

Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle’s mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli’s equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion. The dynamic pressure is equal to the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure.^[1]

Another important aspect of dynamic pressure is that, as dimensional analysis shows, the aerodynamic stress (i.e. stress within a structure subject to aerodynamic forces) experienced by an aircraft traveling at speed $v$ is proportional to the air density and square of $v$ , i.e. proportional to $q$ . Therefore, by looking at the variation of $q$ during flight, it is possible to determine how the stress will vary and in particular when it will reach its maximum value. The point of maximum aerodynamic load is often referred to as max Q and it is a critical parameter, for example, for spacecraft during launch.

[edit]Uses

The dynamic pressure, along with the static pressure and the pressure due to elevation, is used in Bernoulli’s principle as an energy balance on a closed system. The three terms are used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible, constant-density fluid.

If we were to divide the dynamic pressure by fluid density, the result is called velocity head, which is used in head equations like the one used for hydraulic head.

[edit]Compressible flow

Many authors define dynamic pressure only for incompressible flows. (For compressible flows, these authors use the concept of impact pressure.) However, some British authors extend their definition of dynamic pressure to include compressible flows.^[2]^[3]

If the fluid in question can be considered an ideal gas (which is generally the case for air), the dynamic pressure can be expressed as a function of fluid pressure and Mach number.

By applying the ideal gas law:^[4]

$p = \rho\, R\, T,\,$

the definition of speed of sound $a$ and of Mach number $M$ :^[5]

$a = \sqrt{\gamma\, R\, T}$ and $M = \frac{v}{a},$

dynamic pressure can be rewritten as:^[6]

$q = \tfrac12\, \gamma\, p_{s}\, M^{2},$

where (using SI units):

$p_{s}\;$	= static pressure in pascals,
$\rho\;$	= density in kg·m⁻³, or kg/kL
$R\;$	= specific gas constant (287.05 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ for air),
$T\;$	= absolute temperature in kelvins,
$M\;$	= Mach number (non-dimensional),
$\gamma\;$	= ratio of specific heats (non-dimensional) (1.4 for air at sea level conditions),
$v\;$	= fluid velocity in m·s⁻¹,
$a\;$	= speed of sound in m·s⁻¹

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WATER force hyperspace

WATER FORCE FORM

By Henryk Szubinski

DATA ON FORCE OF THE LEVELS OF SURFACE AREAS AS THE BASIS OF THE INTERACTIVE LAYERING THICKNESS AND THE RESULTANCE OF THE RESPONSIVE UNDERLAYERS OF VOLUME ACTING AS SIMILAR TO THE TOP AND UNDERSIDE OF THE TOP LAYERS = TO THE VOLUME AND THE MULTIPLES OF ACTING FORCES ON THE BASIS OF MULTIPLES IN INVOLVANCE AS THE CONTINUIIMS OF NEW VARIANCE OF FORMATS OF H2O BY THE DATA ON A SINGULAR INPUT VALUE AS THE MOTIVATOR OF THE INTERACTIVE GROWTH OF VARIANCE AS = TO THE SINGULAR VOOLUME AND ITS DIVISIVE DIAMETERS.

WHERE THE x value along the top surface horizon

= x value continuiims as effected in immersions of the type 1 singularity reference and relator.

=3 ( h +/-1) VOL

=VOL /2

F =DIA /2

=(3RD STATE ) (4 TH STATE))

= the radial pulse of all electrons in the sea of electron ions that can be vector direction altered to the downwards vector angle to form anti matter or a basic positive electron charge by the top layer electro magnetic or ionisations by 2 plates for ionisational power to couple the anti matter lecetron state of 1 such anti electron to be captured in 2 positions simultaneously sot hat to have 2 such between the plates on the water surface and 1 in a unknown position immersed in the water will be aquirable by the 3 rd electron representing the electro magnetic force of attraction as a basic attractor on the surface level to attract a continuous stream of anti matter into the triangular capture device.

BRANES

RESTING MASS AND BUOYANCY

ROTATING BLACK HOLES

VORTICES AND FORCED STREAMINGS OF WATER SINGULAR ROTATIONS INFERRED INVOLVANCE

LAPLACE ENTANGLEMENT AS THE TYPES OF LUCID DISSOLVANCE OF INTERACTIONS BY GRAVITY

EINSTEINS SPACETIME WARPING CONTINUIIM AS THE BASIS OF A SURFACE AREA AND WATER LEVELS BALANCED TO SIMULAR OPPOSITIONS

DARK MATTER AND THE VOLUME OF H2O AS THROWN INTO A H2O LARGER VOLUME

FEYMAN DIAGRAMMS AS THE PROCESS OF ANTI GRAVITY LIFT BY THE BASIS OF ALTERED VECTOR VERTICIES IN DISPLACEMENT

WATER AND NEWTONIAN INCLINES AS THE TYPES OF SURFACE TENSIONALITY OF THE AREA HIGH TO AREA LOW AS THE TRANFERRANCE OF GRAVITY BY SURFACES.

A polygon and two of its normal vectors

A normal to a surface at a point is the same as a normal to the tangent plane to that surface at that point.

A vector field of normals to a surface

Diagram of specular reflection

10 dimensional hyperspace is then defined as the singular form developed at the start of the paper and is the basic format of the universe and its cool component.

Hypersurfaces in n-dimensional space

The definition of a normal to a surface in three-dimensional space can be extended to $n - 1$ -dimensional hypersurfaces in a $n$ -dimensional space. A hypersurface may be locally defined implicitly as the set of points $\scriptstyle(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n)$ satisfying an equation $\scriptstyle F(x_1, x_2, \ldots x_n) = 0$ , where $F$ is a given scalar function. If $F$ is continuously differentiable, then the hypersurface obtained is a differentiable manifold, and its hypersurface normal can be obtained from the gradient of $F$ , in the case it is not null, by the following formula

$\nabla F(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n) = \left( \tfrac{\partial F}{\partial x_1}, \tfrac{\partial F}{\partial x_2}, \ldots, \tfrac{\partial F}{\partial x_n} \right)$

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SYNTHETIC litmus sphere force

the litmus force test

TYPE 1 WEB PHONES RESEARCH

By Henryk Szubinski

ARTIFICIAL WATER

CONSTRUCTIONS OF LITMUS SPHERES SURFACES ON THE INTERNAL BASIS OF A LITMUS TEST USED ON SUCH A SURFACE AREA TO DEFINE THE VALUES OF THE TYPE WARP ON THE INTERNALS AND VOLUME BY THE MOTION OF WATER MADE BY THE SECTIONS OF THE SPHERES INTERNAL SURFACE BY A INDICATOR FOR THE RELATIONS OF THE TEST VALUES USED WITH THE MINIMAL BASIC LEVELS OF A BASIC VALUE GIVING A RED TAINT AND THE PURITY OF THE H2O AS GAUGED TO A FORMULATIONS OF

THE AMOUNT OF H2O / THE AMOUNT OF SURFACE AREA = THE AMOUNT OF SPHERICAL BASIC VALUES

SO THAT THE COMPARATIVES ARE MADE WITH THE RESULTANCES AS COMPARAED TO A ATOMIC MASS OF H2O- ANY DERIVED VALUE NON ENVELOPED FULL SURFACE AREA AS COMPARED TO THE VOLUME OF H2O USED .

data formats of the vector values in a process of displacement to the resultance of a format barrier = the process of opposed anti force of the data parameter LINKUP = the data on a full value process resistance to the value force of the process in which exchanges of vector values = the process singularity of the formats of the process continuiims = the process of the responsive delay formattors of the process to define the sequence of event horizons =the process as divisive on a few levels:

1) process continues to the similar parameter alterations of the zone value continuiims

2) the process of the copntinuiim = the process continuiim as vectorisations into non data parameters with a altered format of functions on the new levels of gravity

3) the process of the usage of data to define the whole formats of new data as defined to be functionate by the processess of warp drives ,anti matter, plasma and force fields.

TYPE LITMUS SECTIONS OF THE PROCESS DEVELOPED VARIANCE OF SECTIONALITY

usage of the H2O = volume

H2O atomic mass =surface area

spherical purity

comparatives with the amount of universal volume H2O = 1

and the faults in the process of defined value alterations from the 100 %

The solid angle, Ω, is the two-dimensional angle in three-dimensional space that an object subtends at a point. It is a measure of how large that object appears to an observer looking from that point. A small object nearby may subtend the same solid angle as a larger object farther away. An object’s solid angle is equal to the area of the segment of unit sphere (centered at the vertex of the angle) restricted by the object (this definition works in any dimension, including 1D and 2D). A solid angle equals the area of a segment of unit sphere in the same way a planar angle equals the length of an arc of unit circle.

The units of solid angle can be called steradian (abbreviated “sr”) according to SI. From the point of view of mathematics and physics solid angle is dimensionless and has no units, thus “sr” might be skipped in scientific texts. The solid angle of a sphere measured from a point in its interior is 4π sr, and the solid angle subtended at the center of a cube by one of its faces is one-sixth of that, or 2π/3 sr. Solid angles can also be measured in square degrees (1 sr = (180/π)² square degree) or in fractions of the sphere (i.e., fractional area), 1 sr = 1/4π fractional area.

One way to determine the fractional area subtended by a spherical surface is to divide the area of that surface by the entire surface area of the sphere. The fractional area can then be converted to steradian or square degree measurements by the following formulae:

To obtain the solid angle in steradians, multiply the fractional area by 4π.
To obtain the solid angle in square degrees, multiply the fractional area by 4π × (180/π)², which is equal to 129600/π.

The solid angle for an arbitrary oriented surface S subtended at a point P is equal to the solid angle of the projection of the surface S to the unit sphere with center P, which can be calculated as the surface integral:

$\Omega = \iint_S \frac { \vec{r} \cdot \hat{n} dS }{r^3}.$ ^[1]

where $\vec{r}$ is the vector position of an infinitesimal area of surface $\, dS$ with respect to point P and where $\hat{n}$ represents the unit vector normal to $\, dS$ . Even if the projection on the unit sphere to the surface S is not isomorphic, the multiple folds are correctly considered according to the surface orientation described by the sign of the scalar product $\vec{r} \cdot \hat{n}$ .

THE TYPE OF LITMUS STAINING AS A SPHERICAL URFACE AREA

AND THE TYPE 1,2,3 RESULTANCES IN BASIC SPECTRALITY ON FULL H2O ENVELOPMENTS.

the basics of the litmus section ramps within spheres as the formats of relations of the fluidity of H2O as a basic value reaction on the internal surface of spheres with minimal level height as forced engagements of the litmus indicator displaceing simulataneously with the indications as the internal surface area will define the internals of a process reaction = to the full spherical mapping by 1 value in flow as the process to define a whole and non compromised sphere force value = absolute spherical surface area by a volume of litmus indicators used.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs. The angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal at the refractive boundary. The critical angle $θ c$ is given by:

$\theta_c = \arcsin \left( \frac{n_2}{n_1} \right),$

where $n 2$ is the refractive index of the less optically dense medium, and $n 1$ is the refractive index of the more optically dense medium.

If the incident ray is precisely at the critical angle, the refracted ray is tangent to the boundary at the point of incidence. If for example, visible light were traveling through acrylic glass (with an index of refraction of 1.50) into air (with an index of refraction of 1.00). The calculation would give the critical angle for light from acrylic into air, which is

$\theta _{c}=\arcsin \left( 1.00/1.50 \right)=41.8{}^\circ$ .

Light incident on the border with an angle less than 41.8° would be partially transmitted, while light incident on the border at larger angles with respect to normal would be totally internally reflected.

If the fraction: $\frac{n_2}{n_1}$ is greater than 1, then arcsine is not defined–meaning that total internal reflection does not occur even at very shallow or grazing incident angles.

So the critical angle is only defined when $\frac{n_2}{n_1}$ is less than 1.

total internal reflections on plexi air surface

Litmus is a water–soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blueunder basic (i.e. alkaline) conditions with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5-8.3 at 25 °C. Neutral litmus paper is purple in color.^[1] Litmus can also be prepared as an aqueous solution that functions similarly. Under acidic conditions the solution is red, and under basic conditions the solution is blue.

The litmus mixture has the CAS number 1393-92-6 and contains 10 to 15 different dyes. Most of the chemical components of litmus are likely to be the same as of the related mixture known as orcein, but in different proportions. In contrast with orcein, the principal constituent of litmus has average molecular weight of 3300.^[2] Acid-base indicators on litmus owe their properties to a 7-hydroxyphenoxazone chromophore.^[3] Some fractions of litmus were given specific names including erythrolitmin (or erythrolein), azolitmin, spaniolitmin, leucoorcein and leucazolitmin. Azolitmin shows nearly the same effect as litmus.^[4]

Litmus (pH indicator)
below pH 4.5		above pH 8.3
4.5	↔	8.3

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M	T	W	T	F	S	S
	1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30

SCIFIre@lismQuest.com

Day: June 2, 2010

anti matter

Elastodynamics — the wave equation

UNIVERSAL PODIUM

THE PODIUM OF UNIVERSAL PRIZES

BASIC DATA ON THE SURFACE LEVELS OF 3 FORCE USED TO LIFT THE DATA AGAINST GRAVITY

See also

EU EINSTEIN WORK SYSTEM

dark matter

INDUSTRIAL SPACESHIPS

drag coefficiency force of pressure

Physical meaning

[edit]Uses

[edit]Compressible flow

WATER force hyperspace

Hypersurfaces in n-dimensional space

SYNTHETIC litmus sphere force