warp envelopes : subject : spaceship anti gravity

vechicle envelope propulsions

basics of multi inclusive WARPING

By Henryk Szubinski

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use the format presented here without the circular representations and you have a basic hydrolics system that will lift any weight value dissregardless of the gravity value acting on it

Include the circular sections and you have a type of propulsions system where the envelopes will interact on the basis of the general sections shown in the vector diagram from left to right

uncertainty on S value = 1 m

the basics of the 4 format circumferences = 360 x 4

=1440

where the grade of multiple inclusions are s x 10

= 10 S  /(1440)

=+/- 0.0069 m to -3, degrees to -2

 

 

 

Bifeld Brown:on levitations of the basic circuit and its field surface on curled vector constructs

Presenting BIFELD BROWN DESIGNS

and my own theory on ultra lift

By Henryk Szubinski

On the materials usability of the same nano materials employed in the SPACE ELEVATOR as usable with BIFELD BROWN DESIGNS

as applicative for the lite weight needed for vechicles to interact on a multiple interactions variance by the usage of nano materials switched for the FOIL types at the same weight to compensate for maintained manouvrability y the lite weight for which a passengers or drivers weight could be deciaml interacted on the weight of materials conserved with the drivers weight being dissonated to 90 % of the vechicle stability at lite weight = 100 %.

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Europeiska flaggan

4 freedooms

5th freedoom of knowledge moovement

Chordis6

the 7th framework

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what is needed is the input of the driver into a system with very high responses to its stable weight so that the resistance works where the minimal weights m2 = to a non alterability of the 20% sections

20 %———mass of vechicle————-40%———–driver input———–60%———–driver + vechicle—————80 %——–mass of vechicle———————–100%

this will define the basics of the whole values in their sections as the values of 100 degrees roll for each section by a type of gravity LOCK which can be activated for parking as well as the stability of the whole value formats in their responsive data as = the weight by which the general data components are redefinable on any case section where the delivery of the data in sections concerned with

30 %————-wave out——————–60 %——wave in————————90 %———–wave out——————-100 %

will interact on the basics of the motivated data as being the stability of all the sections as related to H2O and buoyancy of a type of HOSE

to illustrate the wave types and the basics of displacement = S / 3+ 4

=S/ 7 as the section concerned with the basics of the reversals of LOAD by the inputs of the wave form as reversible by the lim x = the vechicle weight distributions by using a similar drive generator in the tail section as is BUOYANT enough and constructed in the same triangulations format as the basis of the vechicle to conserve the added weight of a driver and the basis of the load levels as are basically on a + / – 10 % value as relates to the possibilities of the whole section being in a type of flow vector tube along the stream line to define the regulations of flow by the basis of the levels of 10 %..

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this tech  has been quiet for about 50 years

designed by Bifeld Brown as basic TAKE on static fields by grabbing from the triangulations and their 6o degree isocelees

basically S / 2

+ A / S

= volume field

as the basics of uncertainty of the basis height of a static electrical field = h

would need to be subdivided by the value of angle alterations of current that does not go into the 60 degree field by 60 degree responses

= 60 /h

so that the error = + / –

60 /h = S/2 ( A / S)

 

basics of the boosted force of lift by the 3 intersector circuits that act on a 15 degree common value of making the circuit work faster as well as using the boosting by a curvature roof or dome as the basis for the divisives into 60 degree sections doing their work load by the circuit

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building this type of vechicle and substituting the metal foils with nano technology would be the basic method to make durable and non distortional vechicles out of the lite weight and super strong materials to construct the vechicle shell

going at about 30 % lighter than the usual foil types the weight LIFT value could easily be a 80 % reduction with the weight being 50 % stabilised by the drivers weight

leaving the 20 to 30 % for the controll components which could also be nano lite weight

 

Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension,[1] though this term is sometimes also used for materials smaller than one micrometer.

 

SEM micrograph of amorphous colloidal silica particles (average particle diameter 600 nm) formed in basic solution from TEOS.

File:Coll 1.jpg

 

Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals, semiconductors, or oxides are of particular interest for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other properties. Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and as chemical catalysts.

Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case. Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonancein some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials.

Nanoparticles exhibit a number of special properties relative to bulk material. For example, the bending of bulk copper (wire, ribbon, etc.) occurs with movement of copper atoms/clusters at about the 50 nm scale. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are considered super hard materials that do not exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk copper. The change in properties is not always desirable. Ferroelectric materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their magnetisation direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them useless for memory storage.Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible because the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome differences in density, which usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. Nanoparticles often have unexpected visual properties because they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example goldnanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution.

The often very high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion, especially at elevated temperatures. Sintering is possible at lower temperatures and over shorter durations than for larger particles. This theoretically does not affect the density of the final product, though flow difficulties and the tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate do complicate matters. The surface effects of nanoparticles also reduces the incipient melting temperature.

 

Rotating view of Buckminsterfullerene C60

File:Buckminsterfullerene animated.gif

 

 

 

the arrangement of details for a otter example as it maintains its bouyancy value while the body mass is the same but the environment of H2O (f) makes its usage of water as a type of vechicularity it goes into and outof by basic options for the type of weight interactions

 

the basic constructs of a BIFLED EFFECT SEAT which would lift the driver

 

 

 

 

basically to simulate this type of nano materials usage the driver could be seated in a BIFELD BROWN type of SEAT and the basic weight of the vechicle could be equalised to zero by its strength of pourosity to such a degree that the weight is not noticeable at all

while the driver makes up for the extra weight as though in similar involvements as with foil..

 

 

 

HYPERPSACE: what is a dimensional continuiim, new theory

THE HYPERSPACE

By Henryk Szubinski

basis of 11 dimensional or 10 dimensional hyperspace as the universes and their end fase by black holes

as the wave form can be non symmetrical the values of black holes that stabilise black holes are used on a basis of cubic measurements of such internal multiples as stabilisation by the basic type of

uniform gravity wells with their smooth exponential value

the  derived values on what makes a universe a candidate for a black hole death is the 3 levels of universal interelations by the multiverse waveform that displaces through all universes and the basics of dark matter being the spot that stabilises the waveform simultance  of symmetrical motion with the multi verse waveform = hyperspace

Our planet Earth and the sun, the galaxy the milky way is in this little zone of unified stabilisations so that it can catch the current ,drift away or controll its moovements like a ship on the ochean waveforms

The greater the internal multiples of a value that maintains its similar values on the internals of the gravity SMOOTH WELLS

will basically make a ship catch the wave a bit faster due to its availability of the current displaceing in the same vector as a stable rudder for example

If dealing with the technology of water transports or spaceship displacements

The parameter is then similar and in symmetry with the basic hyperpsace wave and will continue its displacement vector by displaceing out of the cubic volume of its main problem , that the universe is now a black hole <the gravity needed to take the SURF way out on a surf  board and to catch the wave to the next black hole effecteed universe:

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uncertainties are:

parallells between 6 spheres and 9 spheres in gravity compression

wave displacement universe = 15 f to -2,L.Y to -3,G to -4

waveform interactions sum:

3x3x2x g x waveform =18 g waveform

 

g wave=0.88

using the error

+/- 18 g waveform

the theory is 18 g squ / wave =0.88

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this implies that the rotation of the Earth about the sun is not a circular orbit but a common wagging motion to the left and right of the dark matter points that define the left and right hemispheres of the Earth and the left and rioght hemispheres of the sun displaceing by a general wobble of a specific angle in which everything rotates at a higher level so that the Earth does rotate about the sun but at a lowerr level than that which opens the spacetime seperations of the bobble of one polar hemisphere as related to the polar hemisphere of the sun at a angle to its higher level of rotational spacetime continuiim on which it is suspended.

Meaning that the mutual rotation is visable as rotation but its level defines not the completion of a rotational value but a gradual increase of the relations of 1 orbital which will be shown Can be a WIRE EXAMPLE OF A SPIRAL THAt IS STRETCHED OUTWARDS AT ITS INNER POINT

This full format without any alterations of its form is what is being displaced into a orbit within the galaxy , the milky way.

.the photons will then displace along this vector

and all alterations such as the solar activity will be the motion of polarity in which theese orbital WIRES are rotated along the axis of their COMBINATIONS

It would be true then to say that the specific usage of bending such a wire would result in the complexity of any rotation about any other rotation

So that what is observed as interactive rotations is the basis of observations along the wire or the STRING..

as many Quantum mechanical proponents are suggesting

what makes the alterations of the photon side must be the regulations of photon flow along theese vectors by a start point and a end point what is known of from the early and late 19 th century as black holes and dark matter.

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brane solidity and the new continuiim

GRAVITY solidity

By Henryk Szubinski

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basics of gravity acting against a form value rectanguloid

the basis of the forces acting on the form of the volume rectanguloid will be shown as beased on a rotatable angle in a sectional value as the angle of the amount of rotations so that the volume can be computed into a type of minimal angle truncated conality

by using the derived values in a Tan value anglee computation

or any basic application of the Cos angle as well as Sin value angles

the angle can then be shown to have a common angle resutance with the usage of the theory of volume as solid force acting in a system of rotation with the volume as defines a force in cosines and tangents as well as sinusoudial values.

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data will define the types of BRANE SOLID FORMS existant in spacetime where there is a basic STRING VALUE in a form defined by 3 Dimensions so that the volume conality = a basic 10 dimensional hyperspace

and the interactions of the active vectors of a BRANE pressure value can be defined on spacetime warping relativity with the Euclidean types of higher warping and higher symmetry which leads to the conclusion that the conality can be the depth of the perimeter values of the rectanguloid in any basic applications of its outline as effected by the hyperpsace on its dimensional form by the interactions of volume being input and volume being outputted from the system in a steady conservations of the amount of wobble that the BRANES do

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what is here shure enough is that the surface area of the incline will = the amount off conserved angles of coil rotations as well as a symmetry with the surface area of the incline doing the action &/or reactions of the forces active on its surface

The definite value of this type of FLUID or elastic matter in spacetime would account for all of theese types of interactions..

basics of the fluidity by measure of

volume as surface area +1 / 1 surface area as comparatives for the measurement

of the expanded new volume would have to be defined by a new surface area where there is a missing volume particle that will conserve the force by its basics of rotation in any of the 3 Tan , Cos, Sin

 

 

In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussiandistribution, is a continuous probability distribution that is often used as a first approximation to describe real-valued random variables that tend to cluster around a single mean value. The graph of the associatedprobability density function is  bell”-shaped, and is known as the Gaussian function or bell curve:[nb 1]

     f(x) = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2}}\; e^{ -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} },

where parameter μ is the mean (location of the peak) and σ 2 is the variance (the measure of the width of the distribution). The distribution with μ = 0 and σ 2 = 1 is called the standard normal.

 

gravity and exponential seperation

gravity and exponential seperation

By Henryk Szubinski

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does or will exponential growth at a specific value be higher or lower than the availability of the end value resource

Well the cardiac rythm is based on the growing uncertainty of old age

As yet it is not a alaterable reality

So that the exponentials at specific stages of their difference in terms of levels and where they could possibly relate to the LINK of high exp and Low exp = the basis of a amount of Force in lets say the ANDROMEDA GALAXY

where it is pretty definite that the amount of end resources would not be depleted Due to it being a closed system

But what IF the same resource in a non alterable state = exponential controll by the 3dimensionality of its REAL VALUE end resource = non depletion

and that this value = LINK to all other galaxies

Woudl there be a controllable force that defines any availability or measurement of real value = the resource in a non depletable state by the veectors that combine or seperate exponentials from each other on a daily basis out there amongst the galaxies..

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UNIVERSAL form similarity adapted from Plato

reality

and UNIVERSAL FORM

By Henryk Szubinski

the universal form is basically what plato would have made of his bust as designed from a sculptor who presents it prior to Platos acceptance of it,,,and as such is a basic format for a robot making the same decision based on its manufacturers that deliver a specific type set that will qualify for definition by the robot but where is the start value and where is the robot usage of its own decison part of the minimal decimal time value that qualifies for its life span.

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Simulated reality is the proposition that reality could be simulated—perhaps by computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from “true” reality. It could contain conscious minds which may or may not be fully aware that they are living inside a simulation. In its strongest form, the “simulation hypothesis” claims it is entirely possible and even probable that we are living in a simulated reality.

This is quite different from the current, technologically achievable concept of virtual reality. Virtual reality is easily distinguished from the experience of “true” reality; participants are never in doubt about the nature of what they experience. Simulated reality, by contrast, would be hard or impossible to separate from “true” reality.

As documented in this article, there has been much debate over this topic, ranging from philosophical discourse to practical applications in computing.

 

the robot philosopher

 

 

 

a simulative reality will work on the lim x

of a S vector displacement which starts a x = 1

and ends at x= 1/S

the basics of the argument that the value in usage has a basic levels of referenced data similarity to the definition of the generalö case for the basics of the minimal value S <1

and the start value as the definitions to which there is a continuiim of data in motion as the universe reaching the end of time and the referenced usage of the basic motion S = 1-x

as the levels of the data on the validity of the end point being that the usage of a value singularity defines the end value as

1+1/S = x

in basics, this will define the value of the multiple features of the reality by which the general x/S = 1

continuiim of the features of the form in definition as in reverse of the whole sequence of presented arguments and will by basic definitions of x value quantals 1+1/S = any x

as x approaches any x in which the lim x = a continuiim of alterations 1+1 /S=the definition of similar forms

.on the basis of uncertainty the locatability of a S vector in the projected parameter of a x and a 1 value, the error would be the triangulations of s values = 3 S

and the error would be the 1+1 = 2 m

so that 3 S = 3 x 2 = 6S

and the basic x value will be used to define the theory of making a LINK in the continuiim by the law of similarity as:

1 / x 3 = 6S

so that on the chance of locating the LINK in which a 3 rd value appears and remains as similar to all other values

is based on 1/2 values and their 2x multiples as the LINK =0.5 on a basis of forwards and reverse displacement = 4 S or the quadrance

= +/-  S to -1 ,360 degrees to -2

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basics of prefix and suffix as the multiple meanings in a basic sequence that will differenciate the order of differenciations into the fase starts and their fase endings by the basic limits of their conclusive differences in the interactive values of their LINKAGE

argumentative links to conclusions

argumentative conclusions

end start similarities

interactive similarities

interval synchronicity

knowledge synchronicity

synchronicity

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flying car

FLYING CAR

by Henryk Szubinski

 

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there are nano materials of very light weight that can be produced with thin sheets that will basically slide in and out of sheets with a space inside them  by a spring inside which will act on gravity and action reaction

This can be part of the body work of a vechicle at the points specified by the Newtonian action &/ or reactions to define the dynamics of the body of the vechicle as a multiple amount of such sheets: the basics of the light weight and a general motor for the vibrational occilations to drive all the springs in a concertive moovement or frequency of vibration and you have a vechicle in super ligt weight that will do all the flying…

NO DEATH IS EARLIER THAN ITS INVENTOR

 

basics of the volume inputs of nano sheets and the general values of retractions = 2 S error based values of the basic limitations of the law that defines the value multiples as parallells in the spring occilations by the basic law of pressure in a spring system so that the values to which the whole

uncretainty:

occilations = a projective wavefront / S = Volume

by using the Pascal value for pressure and the  Volume 1 = the nano sheets by 3 x value interactions

Volume to 3 = 1 Pascal

inserting this value into a wave form with the same 1 value pressure the volume of this waveform must be root Volume

so that waveform 1 = solid and waveform 2 = fluid

or basic density and its buoyancy

the theory is

density to -2,buoyancy to -3

for the theory to be the loss of density

D = Buoyancy -S / waveform

 

 

comparative translations: context of analisis of Eouropean catalogues of biodiversity

BIODIVERSITY

as well as the previous MEDIATIVE DIVERSITY

By Henryk Szubinski

video courtesy of Youtube

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Comparative Contextual Analysis is a methodology for comparative research where contextual interrogation precedes any analysis of similarity and difference. It is a thematic process directed and designed to explore relationships of agency rather than institutional or structural frameworks. See structure and agency and theory of structuration.

COMPARTIVES WITH THE GLACIAL DESERT WASTES

AND THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE JUNGLES

ON WHAT IS BUILT AS THE eOUROPEAN ARTISTS AND THEIR REFERENCES TO BIO DIVERSITY OF THE JUNGLE LANDSCAPES THAT ARE FAR FROM EOUROPEAN HISTORY, NEVERTHELESS THE ABILITY TO GO THERE BY THE FORMATS OF MUSIC

right now

AND TO BRING BACK THE KNOWLEDGE OF SUCH DIVERSITY BY THE SAME REFERENCES USED

with Media and repporting

FROM THE  THE FAR EAST , INDIA, EGYPT, TIBET and so on , during the 19 20 s

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a basic effect was noticable; that the central regions were subject to great scrutinty by the old Eouropeans who wanted nothing to do with the ANCIENT

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The basics of the first and second world wars that made great advances in bringing home the knowledge of mediations on a basic level of what any Eouropean would understand as the choice availability of a general continuiim of the history of mediations that are descriptivelly as basic in definition as the English language and as basic to relate to as a index and contents sections in any computer or digital book format: Basically the alphabetical order of all of the Ancient civilisations had a basic translatory similarity with the order of alphabetical ordering = to the same basis of catalougeing as the rate of Eouropean translations on the basis of Interest

The same can be said of the bio diversity or basically any level of what is as yet unknown in relations to Eourope

Basically any format of for example, exo planetary data on the basic levels of comparative analisis with Earth bio diversity as long as there is a supportive argumantation from any parameter in Eourope, the comparatives can be made into a ordered sequence of translative work.

.File:Amazon Manaus forest.jpg

The retreat of Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps (situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002), due to global warming.

File:Gletscherschmelze.jpg

A great deal of work is occurring to preserve the natural characteristics of Hopetoun FallsAustralia while continuing to allow visitor access.

File:Hopetoun falls.jpg

 

 

Accountability is a concept in ethics and governance with several meanings. It is often used synonymously with such concepts as responsibility,[1] answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and other terms associated with the expectation of account-giving. As an aspect of governance, it has been central to discussions related to problems in the public sectornonprofit and private (corporate) worlds. In leadership roles, accountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or employment position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences.

As a term related to governance, accountability has been difficult to define.[2][3] It is frequently described as an account-giving relationship between individuals, e.g. “A is accountable to B when A is obliged to inform B about A’s (past or future) actions and decisions, to justify them, and to suffer punishment in the case of eventual misconduct”.[4], Accountability can not exist without proper accounting practices, in other words absence of accounting means absence of accountability.

 

 

digital footprint is a trail left by an entities interactions in a digital environment; including their usage of TVmobile phoneinternet and world wide webmobile web and other devices and sensors. Digital footprints provide data on what an entity has performed in the digital environment; and are valuable in assisting behavioral targetingpersonalisationtargeted marketing, digitalreputation, and other social media or social graphing services.[1]

In social media, a digital footprint is the size of an individuals online presence; as it relates to the number of individuals they interact with.

 

 

 

more preference = preferance

as a type 1,2,3 technology using H2O for example

 

 

basic definition of what is common in EU

by some basic vectors

1) define a common vector in Eourope as a case for Investigation

2) define the opposite of the common value in Eourope by a altered value that has a totally different value as it is outside of Eourope

3) Use the medial formats to investigate and record the data and bring it back to Eourope and make comparisons with the data by its ordered storage by comparative usage of anyone who has a level 1,2,3 interest to log the data according to the Eouropean system=to a access order as seen in the types of PRIORITY LEVELS that increase context by continuiing the search in a category concerned with the data

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THIS WILL ALWAYS RESULT IN THE SAME ORDER BY PREFERENCE as is in EU

and will always work to define the preference by choice as totally free

.PREFERENCE TECHNOLOGY

exists in many formats right now here is a example

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for every stage 1 to 2 as comparative data on any bit length, the comparatives can be input as level 3 and be used on any basis of running through the same levels 1,2,3

the data can be stored and the basics of any preferance can be defined as the basics of what makes choice

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vending mashine: gravity drinks

GRAVITY DRINKS

article by Henryk Szubinski

Europeiska flaggan

4 freedooms

5th freedoom of knowledge moovement

Chordis6

the 7th framework Chordis7

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video courtesy of Youtube

dont worry, this is only a article on the types of possibilities for gravity in a type reference for products related to your body weight as related to MARS for example so that taking a drink with the same H2O value of its weight in a soda pop can be drunk simultaneously as a astronaut takes a drink while on telivised  live repports from planets being visited by human explorers..

The only way to live ?

basic learning on the availability of weight mass ratios ,the usage of a scan for the user on the previous user with a specific weight to mass value can be related to the products such as soda pops =as choose the same on the basis of the previous user and the availability of specific type sets of users of venders in a type futuristic format:

defined as the gravity value in sustained floating:

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at some stage the relations of a common product for the good of all would be resultant in the product usage:

GET TO THE FUTURE

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the official role of a vending mashine is to define the common value of dispensed fluids with specific values  in the zero gravity parameter, what about the spaceship and fluid inside it to a full degree while in orbit

this would be the vending mashine as a volume in zero gravity while the volume of H2O ( f) inside it to the full degree would define the weight body mass index as related to the weight or bulk of the materials used to get the volume into orbit. The user of the vending mashine would input the weight and the bulk mass index would compute the amount of H2O to body mass of the human making the aquired access of fluids for sustainability of physical values needed in the fysiology to make the return trips into space without body degeneration.

would it behave like a soda pop with all the requirements for anti body degenerations

a test could be done with a basic interaction of the 70 % or more H2O in the body


spaceship industries would profit and producing super vechicles would become easier

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Spine-tingling is a reaction to either being spooked (e.g. an animal sensing danger) or a human perceiving something so personally moving that it sends chills down their body. The sensation can be spontaneous but can be felt before it happens similar to a yawn or sneeze. This sensation is similar to adrenaline and may cause goose bumps or chills. Some have also reported being able to recreate this sensation without being frightened. This tingling sensation, electricity, goosebump sensation without being frightened is a life force common in eastern medicine and is referred to as Prana, Qi, Ki, Chee, and in the west possibly as L-field or Morphogenic field .. all the same or closely related.

Paresthesia (/ˌpærɨsˈθiːziə/ or /ˌpærɨsˈθiːʒə/), spelled paraesthesia in British English, is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person‘sskin with no apparent long-term physical effect. It is more generally known as the feeling of “pins and needles” or of a limbfalling asleep” (although this is not directly related to the phenomenon of “limb falling asleep“). The manifestation of paresthesia may be transient or chronic.

you would need a drink that could simulate zero gravity as well as reverse the problems of space ship zero gravity by usage in orbit, of fluid technologies  for long times.

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Chronic

Chronic paresthesia indicates a problem with the functioning of neurons.

In older individuals, paresthesia is often the result of poor circulation in the limbs (such as in peripheral vascular disease, also referred to by physicians as PVD or PAD), most often caused byatherosclerosis, the build up of plaque within artery walls, over decades, with eventual plaque ruptures, internal clots over the ruptures and subsequent clot healing but leaving behind narrowing of the artery openings or closure, both locally and in downstream smaller branches. Without a proper supply of blood and nutrients, nerve cells can no longer adequately send signals to the brain. Because of this, paresthesia can also be a symptom of vitamin deficiency and malnutrition, as well as metabolic disorders like diabeteshypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.

Irritation to the nerve can also come from inflammation to the tissue. Joint conditions such as rheumatoid arthritisPsoriatic Arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome are common sources of paresthesia. Nerves below the head may be compressed where chronic neck and spine problems exist and can be caused by, amongst other things, muscle cramps which may be a result of clinical anxiety or excessive mental stress[citation needed], bone disease, bad posture, unsafe heavy lifting practices or physical trauma such as whiplash. Paresthesia can also be caused simply by putting pressure on a nerve by applying weight [or pressure] on to the limb for extended periods of time. Another cause of paresthesia, however, may be direct damage to the nerves themselves, i.e. neuropathy, which itself can stem from injury or infection such as frostbite or Lyme disease, or which may be indicative of a current neurological disorder. Chronic paresthesia can sometimes be symptomatic of serious conditions, such as a transient ischemic attackmotor neuron disease, or autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis or lupus erythematosus. The herpes zoster virus can attack nerves causing numbness instead of pain commonly associated with shingles. A diagnostic evaluation by a doctor is necessary to rule these out. Demyelination diseases may also cause cross-talk between adjacent axons and lead to parasthesia. During impulse conduction some aberrant current that escaped a demyelinated axon can circulate in the exterior and depolarize an adjacent demyelinated, hyperexcitable axon. This can generate impulses conducted in both directions along this axon since no part of the axon is in a refractory state. This becomes very serious in conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.

 

Diagram of the effects of weightlessness on the human body

 

 

All life on Earth is accustomed to the presence of gravity. When that presence is removed or altered, biological processes can go awry. Initial ventures into space were conducted with great care to ensure that no damage would be incurred during the spaceflight. Animals were the first living organisms to be sent up into space, and when they returned unharmed (although scared), they were quite confident that humans could also withstand the journey. In April of 1961, a Russian cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space when he orbited the Earth in 108 minutes.

Since that historical flight, mankind had ventured beyond low Earth orbit and the average duration of space missions has increased. While humans have little difficulty surviving in space for short periods of time (with the necessary equipment, oxygen and food of course), long-term exposure to microgravity can trigger detrimental physiological responses in the human body. There is a long list of such effects, ranging from serious medical conditions to less severe side effects.

First we will discuss the more serious adverse effects of weightlessness. Fluid redistribution is one of these effects. It occurs when bodily fluids shift from the lower body (where they normally abound due to the downward tug of gravity) to the head and upper body. This redistribution of fluids is coupled with fluid loss. When the brain senses the increased volume of fluid in the upper body, it interprets this as being an increase in the total volume of fluid in the body. The brain then responds by triggering the excretion of fluids, making astronauts prone to dehydration.